19th Century
500 people
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
Indian spiritual teacher and founder of the ISKCON
Abay Kunanbaiuly
Kazakh poet, philosopher and composer (1845-1904)
Ada Lovelace
English mathematician (1815–1852)
Adolf Anderssen
German chess champion, after Paul Morphy (1858-1860), second unofficial world chess...
Adolf Windaus
German chemist (1876–1959)
Adolf von Baeyer
German chemist (1835-1917)
Albert Abraham Michelson
American physicist (1852–1931)
Albert Claude
Belgian-American cell biologist (1899–1983)
Albert Einstein
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
Albert Schweitzer
French-German physician, theologian, musician, and philosopher (1875-1965)
Albert Szent-Györgyi
Hungarian biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1937 (1896-1986)
Albrecht Kossel
German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics
Alcide De Gasperi
Italian politician and founder of the Christian Democratic Party (1881-1954)
Aldous Huxley
English writer and philosopher (1894–1963)
Aleksandr Popov
Russian physicist (1859–1906)
Alexander Blok
Russian poet (1880–1921)
Alexander Borodin
Russian composer, doctor and chemist (1833–1887)
Alexander Fleming
Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, botanist, and Nobel laureate (1881–1955)
Alexander Friedmann
Russian mathematician (1888-1925)
Alexander Herzen
Russian author, philosopher, and revolutionary (1812–1870)
Alexander Oparin
Soviet biochemist (1894-1980)
Alexandra Kollontai
Soviet diplomat (1872-1952)
Alexis Carrel
French surgeon and biologist
Alexis de Tocqueville
French political thinker and historian, minister of Foreign Affairs (1805-1859)
Alfred Adler
Austrian psychotherapist (1870–1937)
Alfred Döblin
German expressionist novelist (1878–1957)
Alfred Kinsey
American sexologist (1894–1956)
Alfred Marshall
British economist (1842–1924)
Alfred Nobel
Swedish chemist and inventor (1833–1896)
Alfred North Whitehead
English mathematician and philosopher (1861–1947)
Alfred Russel Wallace
British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist (1823–1913)
Alfred Wegener
German climatologist and geophysicist (1880–1930)
Alfred Werner
Swiss chemist Nobel laureate (1866-1919)
Allvar Gullstrand
Swedish ophthalmologist (1862-1930)
Alois Alzheimer
German psychiatrist and neuropathologist (1864–1915)
Anders Jonas Ångström
Swedish physicist
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
André Frédéric Cournand
French physiologist (1895–1988)
Annie Besant
British socialist, theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator (1847-1933)
Annie Jump Cannon
American astronomer (1863-1941)
Antoine Henri Becquerel
French physicist (1852–1908)
Anton Chekhov
Russian dramatist and author (1860–1904)
Antonio Gramsci
Italian Marxist philosopher, writer, and politician (1891–1937)
António Egas Moniz
Portuguese politian and neurosurgeon (1874-1955)
António de Oliveira Salazar
Prime Minister of Portugal (1889-1970)
Archibald Hill
English physiologist and biophysicist (1886-1977)
Arnold J. Toynbee
British historian (1889–1975)
Arnold Sommerfeld
German physicist (1868-1951)
Arthur Balfour
British Prime Minister, Conservative politician, and statesman (1848-1930)
Arthur Conan Doyle
British writer and physician (1859–1930)
Arthur Eddington
British astrophysicist (1882-1944)
Arthur Harden
British biochemist
Arthur Holly Compton
American physicist (1892–1962)
Arthur Schnitzler
Austrian writer (1862–1931)
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
Finnish chemist and professor (1895–1973)
Asaph Hall
American astronomer (1829–1907)
August Kekulé
German organic chemist (1829–1896)
August Krogh
Danish physiologist (1874–1949)
Aurobindo Ghosh
Indian Bengali philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet and nationalist (1872–1950)
B. R. Ambedkar
Indian polymath, philosopher, and social reformer (1891–1956)
Benedetto Croce
Italian philosopher (1866-1952)
Bernardo Houssay
Argentine physician (1887–1971)
Bernhard Riemann
German mathematician (1826–1866)
Bertil Ohlin
Swedish economist and politician (1899-1979)
Bertrand Russell
British philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
Bronisław Malinowski
Polish anthropologist and ethnographer based in England and the USA (1884–1942)
Buckminster Fuller
American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor and futurist (1895–1983)
Camillo Golgi
Italian physician, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel laureate (1843-1926)
Carl Bosch
German chemical engineer (1874–1940)
Carl Ferdinand Cori
Czech Nobel prize laureate and scientist (1896–1984)
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
German mathematician (1804–1851)
Carl Jung
Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (1875–1961)
Carl Sandburg
American writer and editor (1878–1967)
Carl Zeiss
German optical physicist (1816–1888)
Casimir Funk
Jewish-Polish biochemist
Cecil John Rhodes
British businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa (1853-1902)
Chaim Weizmann
Israeli statesman and British chemist (1874–1952)
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
Charles G. Dawes
vice president of the United States from 1925 to 1929
Charles Glover Barkla
English physicist (1877-1944)
Charles Goodyear
American inventor (1800-1860)
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
French physician
Charles Nicolle
French microbiologist (1866–1936)
Charles Richet
French physiologist and parapsychologist (1850-1935)
Charles Sanders Peirce
American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist (1839-1914)
Charles Scott Sherrington
English footballer, neurophysiologist and Nobel Prize recipient (1857–1952)
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
Scottish physicist and meteorologist (1869-1959)
Charles Édouard Guillaume
Swiss physicist (1861-1938)
Christiaan Eijkman
Dutch physician (1858–1930)
Christian Dopplerr
Austrian mathematician and physicist (1803-1853)
Christian Lous Lange
Norwegian diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (1869-1938)
Claude Bernard
French physiologist (1813-1878)
Clinton Joseph Davisson
American physicist (1881-1958)
Corneille Heymans
Belgian physiologist (1892-1968)
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
English physical chemist (1897-1967)
Dale Carnegie
American writer and lecturer (1888-1955)
David Hilbert
German mathematician (1862–1943)
Dmitri Mendeleev
Russian chemist (1834–1907)
E. M. Forster
English novelist (1879-1970)
Eadweard Muybridge
English-American photographer (1830–1904)
Edgar Douglas Adrian
English electrophysiologist (1889-1977)
Edgar de Wahl
Estonian teacher and linguist (1867–1948)
Edith Stein
Jewish-German Catholic nun, theologian and philosopher (1891–1942)
Edmund Husserl
German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology (*1859 – †1938)
Eduard Bernstein
German politician and theorist (1850–1932)
Eduard Buchner
German chemist (1907 Nobel Prize)
Edvard Beneš
Czechoslovak politician (1884-1948)
Edward Adelbert Doisy
American biochemist (1893-1986)
Edward Calvin Kendall
American chemist (1886-1972)
Edward Emerson Barnard
American astronomer and astronomical photographer (1857-1923)
Edward Sapir
American linguist and anthropologist (1884-1939)
Edward Thorndike
American psychologist
Edward Victor Appleton
English physicist (1892–1965)
Edwin Hubble
American astronomer (1889–1953)
Elias Lönnrot
Finnish physician, philologist and collector of traditional Finnish oral poetry (1802-1884)
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
Russian hebrew linguist, grammarian, journalist, lexicographer, newspaper editor and...
Elizabeth Blackwell
American physician, abolitionist, women's rights activist (1821-1910)
Emanuel Lasker
former World Chess champion (1868–1941)
Emil von Behring
German physiologist who received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901...
Emily Greene Balch
American economist and writer
Emma Goldman
Russian-born American anarchist (1869–1940)
Emmy Noether
German Jewish mathematician (1882–1935)
Erich Raeder
German admiral (1876–1960)
Ernest Rutherford
New Zealand physicist (1871–1937)
Ernst Abbe
German physicist (1840-1905)
Ernst Haeckel
German zoologist (1834-1919)
Ernst Jünger
German writer (1895–1998)
Ernst Mach
Austrian physicist (1838–1916)
Erwin Schrödinger
Austrian physicist (1887–1961)
Ezra Pound
American poet and critic (1885–1972)
Felix Klein
German mathematician, author of the Erlangen Program (1849-1925)
Ferdinand Lassalle
German jurist and socialist (1825–1864)
Ferdinand Tönnies
German sociologist, economist and philosopher (1855–1936)
Ferdinand de Saussure
Swiss linguist and philosopher (1857–1913)
Fernando Pessoa
Portuguese poet, writer, and philosopher (1888–1935); creator of the heteronymic...
Florence Nightingale
English social reformer, statistician, and founder of modern nursing (1820–1910)
Francis Galton
British eugenist, polymath, and behavioural geneticist (1822–1911)
Francis William Aston
British chemist (1877-1945)
Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Australian virologist (1899-1985)
Franz Boas
German-American anthropologist
Frederick Banting
Canadian medical scientist and doctor (1891-1941)
Frederick Hopkins
English biochemist
Frederick Soddy
English radiochemist (1877–1956)
Friedrich Bergius
German chemist (1884–1949)
Friedrich Engels
German philosopher, sociologist and economist (1820–1895)
Friedrich Hayek
Austrian and British economist (1899–1992)
Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher (1844-1900)
Friedrich Wöhler
German chemist (1800-1882)
Frits Zernike
Dutch physicist (1888–1966)
Fritz Albert Lipmann
German-American biochemist
Fritz Haber
German chemist and receiver of the Nobel prize (1868–1934)
Fritz Pregl
Slovene-Austrian Nobel prize laureate and scientist (1869-1930)
Frédéric Passy
French economist and statesman (1822-1912)
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Russian novelist (1821–1881)
Fyodor Tyutchev
Russian poet (1803–1873)
G. K. Chesterton
English author and Christian apologist (1874–1936)
G.H. Hardy
British mathematician (1877–1947)
Gabriel Lippmann
Luxembourgish physicist nationalized French (1845-1921)
Georg Cantor
German mathematician, inventor of set theory (1845–1918)
Georg Lukács
Hungarian marxist philosopher and literary critic (1885–1971)
Georg Simmel
German sociologist, philosopher, and critic (1858–1918)
G
Georg Wittig
German chemist (1979 Nobel Prize)
Georg von Békésy
Hungarian physicist (1899–1972)
George Eliot
English novelist, essayist, poet and journalist (1819–1880)
George Minot
American physician (1885-1950)
George Paget Thomson
English physicist (1892–1975)
George Washington Carver
African American botanist and inventor (1864-1943)
George Whipple
American physician and biomedical researcher (1878–1976)
George de Hevesy
Hungarian chemist (1885–1966)
Georges Bataille
French intellectual and literary figure (1897–1962)
Georges Clemenceau
Prime Minister of France, 1906–1909 and 1917–1920 (1841–1929)
Georges Lemaître
Belgian astrophysicist and Catholic priest (1894–1966)
Georgi Plekhanov
Russian philosopher (1856–1918)
Gerhard Domagk
German bacteriologist (1895-1964)
Gertrude Bell
British traveller, writer, mountaineer, politician, archaeologist and spy (1868–1926)
Gerty Cori
Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist (1896–1957)
G
Gilbert N. Lewis
American physical chemist
Giovanni Schiaparelli
Italian astronomer and science historian (1835-1910)
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian nationalist activist, politician, journalist and philosopher
Giuseppe Peano
Italian mathematician (1858–1932)
Gottlob Frege
German philosopher, logician, and mathematician (1848–1925)
Gregor Mendel
Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar (1822–1884)
Guglielmo Marconi
Italian inventor and radio pioneer (1874-1937)
Gulzarilal Nanda
Indian politician (1898-1998)
Gunnar Myrdal
Swedish economist (1898–1987)
Gustav Fechner
German scientist (1801-1887)
Gustav Kirchhoff
German physicist (1824–1887)
Gustav Ludwig Hertz
German physicist (1887–1975)
Gustave Le Bon
French psychologist (1841-1931)
H. G. Wells
English writer (1866–1946)
Hans Fischer
German chemist (1881–1945)
Hans Geiger
German physicist (1882–1945)
Hans Spemann
German embryologist (1869–1941)
Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Swedish scientist (1873-1964)
Harold Urey
American physical chemist (1893-1981)
Harry Houdini
Hungarian-born American illusionist, escapologist, and stunt performer (1874–1926)
Hastings Banda
First president of Malawi
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
Dutch physicist, Nobel prize winner (1853-1926)
Heinrich Hertz
German physicist (1857–1894)
Heinrich Otto Wieland
German Nobel laureate in Chemistry (1877-1957)
Helen Keller
American deafblind author, political activist, lecturer, scholar (1880-1968)
Helena Blavatsky
Russian occult writer (1831-1891)
Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
German Field Marshal (1800–1891)
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
Dutch physicist (1853–1928)
Henri Barbusse
French author (1873-1935)
Henri Bergson
French philosopher (1859–1941)
Henri Moissan
French chemist (1852–1907)
Henri Poincaré
French mathematician, physicist and engineer (1854–1912)
Henrietta Swan Leavitt
American astronomer and human calculator (1868–1921)
Henrik Dam
Danish biochemist and physiologist (1895-1976)
Henry David Thoreau
American essayist, poet, and philosopher (1817–1862)
Henry Hallett Dale
English pharmacologist, Nobel laureate (1875–1968)
Henry Moseley
English physicist
Henry Wilson
vice president of the United States from 1873 to 1875
Herbert Marcuse
German philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist (1898–1979)
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher and political theorist (1820–1903)
Herbert Spencer Gasser
American physiologist (1888-1963)
Herman Hollerith
American statistician and inventor（1860-1929）
Hermann Emil Fischer
German chemist (1852–1919)
Hermann Hesse
Nobel Prize winning German-Swiss poet, novelist and painter (1877–1962)
Hermann Joseph Muller
American biologist (1890–1967)
Hermann Minkowski
German mathematician and physicist (1864–1909)
Hermann Staudinger
German chemist, winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1881–1965)
Hermann Weyl
German mathematician (1885–1955)
Hermann von Helmholtz
German physicist and physiologist (1821-1894)
Hippolyte Fizeau
French physicist (1819–1896)
Howard Florey
Australian pathologist (1898-1968)
Huang Xianfan
Chinese historian, ethnologist and educator (1899-1982)
Ignaz Semmelweis
Hungarian physician, early pioneer of antiseptic procedures (1818–1865)
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
Soviet physicist (1895–1971)
Ilia Chavchavadze
Georgian public figure and writer; a saint of Georgian Orthodox Church (1837-1907)
Imre Nagy
Hungarian politician (1896-1958)
Irving Langmuir
American chemist and physicist (1881–1957)
Irène Joliot-Curie
French scientist (1897–1956)
Isidor Isaac Rabi
American physicist (1898–1988)
Ivan Franko
Ukrainian poet and writer (1856–1916)
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist (1849-1936)
Ivan Vazov
Bulgarian writer and poet (1850-1921)
Ivar Andreas Aasen
Norwegian linguist and poet, dubbed the father of Nynorsk (1813 – 1896)
J. R. R. Tolkien
English writer and philologist (1892–1973)
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Dutch physical and organic chemist (1852-1911)
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Bengali polymath, physicist, and biologist (1858–1937)
James Batcheller Sumner
American chemist (1887-1955)
James Chadwick
English physicist (1891-1974), who discovered the neutron in 1932
James Clerk Maxwell
Scottish physicist (1831–1879)
James Dewar
Scottish chemist and physicist (1842–1923)
James Franck
German-American physicist (1882–1964)
James Naismith
Canadian-American coach; inventor of basketball
James Prescott Joule
English physicist and brewer (1818–1889)
Jane Addams
American feminist social activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, philosopher,...
Jaroslav Heyrovský
Czech chemist (1890-1967)
Jean Jaurès
French / Occitan Socialist leader (1859-1914)
Jean Piaget
Swiss psychologist, biologist, logician, philosopher and academic (1896–1980)
Jean-Baptiste Perrin
French physicist (1870–1942)
Jean-Martin Charcot
French neurologist (1825–1893)
Jiddu Krishnamurti
Indian spiritual philosopher, mystic, speaker and writer (1895–1986)
Johann Gottfried Galle
German astronomer (1812-1910)
Johann Jakob Balmer
Swiss mathematician (1825–1898)
Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
German mathematician (1805–1859)
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Dutch physicist (1837–1923)
Johannes Fibiger
Danish physician
Johannes Stark
German physicist (1874-1957)
John B. Watson
American psychologist (1878
John Couch Adams
English mathematician and astronomer (1819–1892)
John Dewey
American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer (1859–1952)
John Douglas Cockcroft
British physicist (1897–1967)
John Franklin Enders
American medical researcher (1897-1985)
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
American physicist (1899–1980)
John Howard Northrop
American biochemist (1891-1987)
John James Rickard Macleod
Nobel prize-winning Scottish physician and physiologist; co-discoverer of insulin
John Logie Baird
Scottish inventor, demonstrating the world's first working television (1888–1946)
John Maynard Keynes
British economist (1883–1946)
John Ruskin
English writer and art critic (1819–1900)
John Stuart Mill
British philosopher and political economist (1806–1873)
John William Strutt
English physicist (1842–1919)
Josef Stefan
Carinthian Slovene physicist, mathematician and poet (1835-1893)
Joseph Erlanger
American doctor (1874-1965)
Joseph John Thomson
British physicist (1856-1940)
Joseph Schumpeter
Austrian political economist (1883–1950)
Joseph Stalin
leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953
Josiah Willard Gibbs
American scientist (1839–1903)
José Echegaray
Spanish playwright (1832-1916)
José Martí
Cuban poet, philosopher and nationalist (1853-1895)
José Ortega y Gasset
Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist (1883–1955)
José Rizal
Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath (1861–1896)
Jules Bordet
Belgian immunologist and microbiologist (1870-1961)
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Austrian doctor, Nobel prize laureate and psychiatrist (1857–1940)
Justus von Liebig
German chemist (1803-1873)
Kahlil Gibran
Lebanese-American writer, poet, and painter (1883–1931)
Karel Čapek
Czech writer (1890–1938)
Karen Horney
American-German psychoanalyst
Karl Ferdinand Braun
German inventor and physicist (1909 Nobel Prize)
Karl Jaspers
German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher (1883–1969)
Karl Kautsky
Czech-Austrian Marxist theorist (1854–1938)
Karl Landsteiner
Jewish-Austrian biologist, physician and Nobel Prize laureate
Karl Marx
German-born philosopher (1818-1883)
Karl Weierstraß
German mathematician (1815–1897)
Karl Ziegler
German chemist (1898–1973)
Karl von Frisch
German-Austrian ethologist (1886-1982)
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory (1857-1935)
Kurt Zadek Lewin
German-American psychologist (1890-1947)
L. L. Zamenhof
Polish-Jewish physician and inventor of Esperanto (1859-1917)
Lajos Kossuth
Hungarian politician (1802–1894)
Lee de Forest
American inventor (1873–1961)
Leo Baekeland
Belgium American inventor (1863-1944)
Leo Tolstoy
Russian author (1828–1910)
Leon Trotsky
Russian Marxist revolutionary (1879–1940)
Leopold Kronecker
German mathematician who worked on number theory and algebra (1823–1891)
Leopold Ružička
Croatian scientist (1887-1976)
Lester B. Pearson
14th Prime Minister of Canada, from 1963 to 1968 (1897–1972)
Lev Vygotsky
Soviet psychologist (1896-1934)
Lewis Carroll
British author and scholar (1832–1898)
Leó Szilárd
Hungarian-American Jewish physicist and inventor (1898–1964)
Lise Meitner
Austrian-Swedish physicist
Lou Andreas-Salomé
German-Russian essayist, philosopher, and psychoanalyst (1861–1937)
Louis Agassiz
Swiss-American naturalist (1807–1873)
Louis Aragon
French poet (1897–1982)
Louis Pasteur
French chemist and microbiologist (1822-1895)
Louis de Broglie
Nobel laureate credited to pioneer the discovery of wave character of matter (1892–1987)
Louis-Ferdinand Céline
French writer (1894–1961)
Ludwig Boltzmann
Austrian physicist and philosopher (1844–1906)
Ludwig Erhard
Chancellor of West Germany (1963–1966)
Ludwig Feuerbach
German philosopher and anthropologist (1804–1872)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)
Ludwig von Mises
Austrian-American economist (1881–1973)
Luigi Einaudi
(1874-1961) President of Italy from 1948 to 1955
Léon Foucault
French physicist (1819–1868)
Machado de Assis
Brazilian writer (1839–1908)
Mahatma Gandhi
Indian independence activist (1869–1948)
Manne Siegbahn
Swedish physicist (1886-1978)
Mao Zedong
1st chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and founder of the People's Republic of...
Marcel Duchamp
French painter, sculptor, and chess player (1887–1968)
Marcus Garvey
Jamaica-born British political activist, Pan-Africanist, orator, and entrepreneur (1887-1940)
Maria Montessori
Italian physician and educator (1870-1952)
Marie Curie
Polish-French physicist and chemist (1867–1934)
Martin Buber
German Jewish Existentialist philosopher and theologian (1878–1965)
Martin Heidegger
German philosopher (1889–1976)
Maurice Maeterlinck
Belgian playwright and essayist (1862–1949)
Max Born
German-Jewish physicist and mathematician (1882–1970)
Max Brod
Bohemian-Israeli author, composer, and journalist (1884–1968)
Max Horkheimer
German philosopher and sociologist (1895–1973)
Max Planck
German theoretical physicist (1858–1947)
Max Scheler
German philosopher (1874-1928)
Max Stirner
German philosopher (1806-1856)
Max Theiler
South African-American virologist and doctor (1899-1972)
Max Weber
German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist (1864–1920)
Max Wolf
German astrophotography pioneer (1863-1932)
Max von Laue
German physicist, Nobel laureate and anti-Nazi (1879–1960)
Miguel de Unamuno
Spanish poet (1864-1936)
Mikhail Bakhtin
Russian intellectual and philosopher (1895–1975)
Mikhail Bakunin
Russian revolutionary anarchist and philosopher (1814–1876)
Mikhail Bulgakov
Russian author (1891–1940)
Mileva Marić
Serbian mathematician and wife of Albert Einstein (1875–1948)
Muhammad Abduh
Egyptian Islamic jurist, religious scholar and liberal reformer (1849-1905)
Muhammad Iqbal
British-Indian Islamic philosopher, poet and politician (1877-1938)
Nathan Söderblom
Swedish clergyman and archbishop (1866–1931)
Nicholas Roerich
Russian painter, writer, archaeologist and philosopher (1874–1947)
Niels Henrik Abel
Norwegian mathematician (1802–1829)
Niels Ryberg Finsen
Faroese physician and scientist of Icelandic descent
Nikola Tesla
Serbian-American engineer and inventor (1856–1943)
Nikolai Berdyaev
Russian philosopher (1874–1948)
Nikolai Bukharin
Russian revolutionary and politician (1888–1938)
Nikolai Gogol
Russian writer of Ukrainian origin (1809–1852)
Nikolai Vavilov
Russian (Soviet) agronomist, botanist and geneticist (1887-1943)
Nikolay Chernyshevsky
Russian writer and nihilist philosopher (1828–1889)
Nikolay Semyonov
Soviet physical chemist (1896-1986)
Nikos Kazantzakis
Greek writer, poet and philosopher (1883-1957)
Nils Gustaf Dalén
Swedish Nobel Laureate and industrialist (1869–1937)
Norman Angell
British politician (1872-1967)
Norman Haworth
British chemist (1883-1950)
Odd Hassel
Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate (1897–1981)
Oliver Heaviside
electrical engineer, mathematician and physicist (1850–1925)
Oswald Spengler
German historian and philosopher (1880-1936)
Otto Diels
German chemist (1876–1954)
Otto Hahn
German chemist and physicist (1879-1968)
Otto Heinrich Warburg
German physiologist, medical doctor and Nobel laureate (1883–1970)
Otto Loewi
Jewish-German pharmacologist
Otto Stern
German-American physicist (1888–1969)
Otto Wallach
German chemist (1847–1931)
Owen Willans Richardson
British physicist (1879-1959)
Paramahansa Yogananda
Yogi, Kriya Yoga guru and founder of Self-Realization Fellowship (1893-1952)
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
British physicist (1897-1974)
Paul Ehrlich
Jewish-German physician and scientist (1854-1915)
Paul Hermann Müller
Swiss chemist (1899-1965)
Paul Karrer
Swiss chemist (1889-1971)
Paul Sabatier
French chemist (1854–1941)
Paul Valéry
French poet, essayist, and philosopher (1871–1945)
Percival Lowell
American astronomer (1855-1916)
Percy Williams Bridgman
American physicist
Peter Debye
Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist (1884–1966)
Peter Kropotkin
Russian revolutionary socialist and philosopher (1842–1921)
Philip Showalter Hench
American physician (1896-1965)
Philipp Lenard
German physicist (1862–1947)
Pierre Curie
French physicist (1859–1906)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
French philosopher, Jesuit priest, and paleontologist
Pierre de Coubertin
founder of modern Olympic Games, pedagogue and historian (1863-1937)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
French politician, philosopher, anarchist and socialist (1809-1865)
Pieter Zeeman
Dutch physicist (1865–1943)
Pompeu Fabra
Catalan linguist (1868–1948)
Prosper Mérimée
French writer, archaeologist and historian (1803–1870)
Pyotr Kapitsa
Soviet physicist
Rabindranath Tagore
Bengali poet, philosopher and polymath (1861–1941)
Ragnar Frisch
Norwegian economist (1895–1973)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
American philosopher (1803–1882)
Ramakrishna
Indian mystic and religious preacher (1836–1886)
Ramana Maharshi
Indian spiritual teacher (1879–1950)
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
Austrian chemist (1865-1929)
Richard Dedekind
German mathematician (1831–1916)
Richard Francis Burton
British explorer, army officer, writer and scholar (1821–1890)
Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi
Austrian-Japanese politician and philosopher
Richard Owen
English biologist and paleontologist (1804–1892)
Richard Willstätter
German chemist (1872–1942)
Robert Andrews Millikan
American physicist (1868–1953)
Robert Bunsen
German chemist (1811-1899)
Robert Bárány
Austri-Hungarian otologist and Nobel Prize laureate
Robert H. Goddard
American physicist
Robert Koch
German physician, bacteriologist (1843–1910)
Robert Robinson
English chemist (1886-1975)
Robert S. Mulliken
American physicist, chemist and botanical collector (1896 - 1986)
Romain Rolland
French author (1866-1944)
Roman Jakobson
Russian linguist (1896–1982)
Ronald Fisher
British statistician, evolutionary biologist and geneticist (1890–1962)
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish
British chemist
Ronald Ross
British doctor, Nobel laureate, writer, and artist (1857–1932)
Rosa Luxemburg
Polish-German Marxist revolutionary (1871–1919)
Rudolf Carnap
German philosopher and logician (1891–1970)
Rudolf Christoph Eucken
(1846-1926) German philosopher
Rudolf Clausius
German mathematical physicist and professor (1822–1888)
Rudolf Steiner
Austrian social reformer, occultist and esotericist (1861–1925)
Rudolf Virchow
German doctor, anthropologist, public health activist, pathologist, prehistorian,...
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Spanish scientist (1852-1934)
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Indian barrister, leader of the Indian National Congress and founding father of the...
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
2nd President and 1st Vice President of India, Indian philosopher and politician (1888–1975)
Satyendra Nath Bose
Indian Bengali physicist and polymath (1894–1974)
Selman Abraham Waksman
American scientist, biochemist, microbiologist who discovered Streptomycin and many antibiotics
Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii
Russian chemist and photographer (1863–1944)
Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
Irish mathematician and physicist (1819–1903)
Sofia Kovalevskaya
19th-century Russian mathematician
Soh Jaipil
Korean-American independence activist and journalist (1864–1951)
Srinivasa Ramanujan
Indian mathematician (1887–1920)
Stefan Banach
Polish mathematician (1892–1945)
Stefan Zweig
Austrian writer (1881–1942)
Sully Prudhomme
French poet, Nobel prize for literature winner 1901 (1839–1907)
Sun Yat-sen
Chinese politician, physician, and revolutionary (1866–1925)
Svante August Arrhenius
Swedish astronomer, chemist and physicist (1859–1927)
Swami Vivekananda
Indian Hindu monk and philosopher (1863–1902)
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish theologian, philosopher, poet and social critic (1813–1855)
Tadeusz Reichstein
Polish-Swiss chemist (1897-1996)
Taras Shevchenko
Ukrainian poet and artist (1814–1861)
Theodor Fontane
German novelist and poet (1819–1898)
Theodor Heuss
German journalist and politician (1884-1963)
Theodor Mommsen
German classical scholar and historian (1817–1903)
Theodor Schwann
German physiologist (1810–1882)
Theodor Svedberg
Swedish chemist (1884-1971)
Theodore Roosevelt
26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 (1858–1919)
Theodore William Richards
United States chemist (1868–1928)
Thomas Edison
American inventor and businessman (1847–1931)
Thomas Henry Huxley
British biologist and comparative anatomist (1825–1895)
Thomas Hunt Morgan
American biologist (1866–1945)
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Czechoslovak politician, statesman, sociologist and philosopher; first Czechoslovak...
Urbain Le Verrier
French astronomer (1811-1877)
Victor Francis Hess
Austrian physicist and Nobel prize laureate (1883-1964)
Victor Grignard
French chemist (1871-1935)
Vilfredo Pareto
Italian economist and sociologist (1848-1923)
Vissarion Belinsky
Russian literary critic (1811-1848)
Vladimir Dal
Russian lexicographer (1801-1872)
Vladimir Vernadsky
Russian and Soviet mineralogist and geochemist, one of the founders of geochemistry,...
W. E. B. Du Bois
American sociologist and activist (1868–1963)
Walter Baade
German astronomer (1893–1960)
Walter Benjamin
German cultural critic, philosopher and social critic (1892–1940)
Walter Rudolf Hess
Swiss physiologist (1881-1973)
Walther Bothe
German physicist, mathematician and chemist (1891-1957)
Walther Hermann Nernst
German physical chemist and physicist (1864–1941)
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
German physicist (1845–1923)
Wilhelm Eduard Weber
German physicist (1804–1891)
Wilhelm Ostwald
Baltic German chemist (1853–1932)
Wilhelm Reich
Austrian-American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, sex educator and sociologist (1897–1957)
Wilhelm Wien
German physicist (1864-1928)
Wilhelm Wundt
German physician, physiologist, philosopher and professor (1832-1920)
Willem Einthoven
Dutch physiologist
William Crookes
British chemist and physicist (1832-1919)
W
William Giauque
American chemist (1895-1982)
William Henry Bragg
British scientist (1862–1942)
William James
American philosopher, psychologist, and pragmatist (1842–1910)
William John Macquorn Rankine
civil engineer (1820–1872)
William Lawrence Bragg
Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer
William P. Murphy
American scientist (1892–1987)
William Ramsay
Scottish chemist (1852–1916)
William Rowan Hamilton
Irish mathematician and astronomer (1805-1865)
William Somerset Maugham
English playwright and author (1874–1965)
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
British physicist and engineer (1824–1907)
Winston Churchill
British statesman, soldier and writer (1874–1965)
Woodrow Wilson
president of the United States from 1913 to 1921 (1856–1924)
Yun Ch'iho
Korean independence activist (1864-1945)
Zora Neale Hurston
African American folklorist, novelist, short story writer, and Civic Rights advocate...
Éamon de Valera
Irish statesman (1882–1975)
Élie Ducommun
Swiss activist (1833-1906)
Élie Metchnikoff
Russian-French immunologist, embryologist, biologist
Émile Durkheim
French sociologist (1858–1917)
Évariste Galois
French mathematician (1811-1832)