Philosophers

A

Ambrose

339 – 397 · Ancient Rome

Roman theologian and Bishop of Milan (c. 340–397)

philosopher

A

Anaxagoras

499 – 427

5th-century BC Greek philosopher

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Antisthenes

444 – 364 · Classical Athens

Greek philosopher, founder of Cynicism (c.446–c.366 BCE)

philosopher

A

Apuleius

200 – 170 · Ancient Rome

2nd-century Numidian Latin-language writer, rhetorician and philosopher

philosopher physician

A

Archimedes

286 – 211 · Syracuse

Greek mathematician and physicist (c. 287 – c. 212 BC)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Archytas

429 – 344

4th-century BC Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and statesman

mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Aristippus

434 – 354

Greek philosopher, founder of Cyrenaicism (c.435–c.356 BCE)

philosopher

A

Aristotle

383 – 321

4th-century BCE Classical Greek philosopher and polymath

philosopher

A

Arrian

95 – 180 · Ancient Rome

2nd century Greek historian, official and philosopher

historian philosopher

A

Aspasia

469 – 399

5th-century BC partner of Athenian statesman Pericles

philosopher

A

Augustine of Hippo

354 – 430 · Ancient Rome

Christian theologian, philosopher, and saint (354–430)

historian philosopher

B

Basil of Caesarea

329 – 379 · Ancient Rome

4th-century Christian bishop, theologian, and saint (329–379)

philosopher

B

Bodhidharma

483 – 540 · Northern Wei

Indian-Chinese philosopher and Buddhist Monk

philosopher

B

Boethius

480 – 524 · Ostrogothic Kingdom

Roman senator and philosopher of the early 6th century (480–524)

mathematician philosopher

C

Cato the Elder

233 – 148 · Ancient Rome

Roman politician, soldier and writer (234–149 BC)

economist historian philosopher

C

Chanakya Kautilya

374 – 282

Ancient Indian teacher and strategist who authored the foundational manual on...

economist philosopher

C

Cicero

106 – 42 · Ancient Rome

Roman statesman, lawyer, orator, and philosopher (106–43 BC)

philosopher

C

Clement of Alexandria

150 – 215 · Ancient Rome

Christian theologian (c.150 – c.215)

philosopher

C

Cyprian

200 – 258 · Ancient Rome

Bishop of Carthage and Christian writer (c.210-258)

philosopher

D

Democritus

460 – 360 · Greece

Greek philosopher (c. 460–c. 370 BC)

mathematician philosopher

D

Diogenes of Sinope

399 – 322 · Sinope

4th-century BC Greek Cynic philosopher

philosopher

E

Empedocles

493 – 433 · Akragas

5th century BC Greek philosopher

philosopher physician

E

Epictetus

50 – 138 · Ancient Rome

Greek Stoic philosopher (c. 50–c. 138)

philosopher

E

Epicurus

341 – 269 · Classical Athens

ancient Greek philosopher

philosopher

E

Eratosthenes

275 – 193

Greek mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, librarian and music theorist

astronomer historian mathematician philosopher

E

Eudoxus of Cnidus

407 – 354 · Doric hexapolis

Greek astronomer and mathematician (c.408–c.355 BC)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physician

E

Euripides

480 – 406 · Classical Athens

Classical Athenian playwright

philosopher

G

Galen

129 – 300 · Ancient Rome

2nd-century Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher

philosopher physician

H

Han Fei

279 – 232 · Han

Chinese Legalist, 280–233 BCE

philosopher

H

Hilary of Poitiers

315 – 367 · Ancient Rome

Bishop of Poitiers (c. 310 – c. 367)

philosopher

H

Hippocrates

459 – 369

Greek physician (c. 460 – c. 370 BC)

philosopher physician

H

Horace

64 – 7 · Ancient Rome

Roman lyric poet (65 BC – 8 BC)

philosopher

H

Hypatia

360 – 415 · Byzantine Empire

Greek Neoplatonist philosopher

astronomer mathematician philosopher

I

Irenaeus

130 – 202 · Asia

2nd-century Greek bishop and Doctor of the Church

philosopher

J

Julian

331 – 363 · Ancient Rome

last Pagan Roman emperor, reigned 361 to 363

philosopher

J

Justin Martyr

100 – 165 · Ancient Rome

2nd century CE Christian apologist and martyr

philosopher

L

Lucian of Samosata

120 – 180

2nd-century Syrian satirist and rhetorician

philosopher

L

Lucretius

93 – 54 · Ancient Rome

1st-century BC Roman poet and philosopher

philosopher

M

Mani

216 – 277 · Parthian Empire

3rd century prophet and founder of Manichaeism

philosopher

M

Marcus Aurelius

121 – 180 · Ancient Rome

16th Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 and Stoic philosopher

philosopher

M

Marcus Junius Brutus

84 – 41 · Ancient Rome

assassin of Julius Caesar

philosopher

M

Marcus Terentius Varro

115 – 26 · Ancient Rome

Roman scholar, polymath and author (116–27 BC)

historian philosopher

M

Mencius

371 – 288 · Zhu

Chinese Confucian philosopher (372–289 BC)

philosopher

M

Mozi

469 – 390 · Zhou dynasty

5th-century BC Chinese philosopher and founder of Mohism

philosopher

N

Nagarjuna

150 – 250

3rd-century Indian Buddhist philosopher

philosopher

O

Origen

185 – 254 · Ancient Rome

Christian scholar, ascetic, and theologian (c. 185 – c. 253)

philosopher

P

Petronius

27 – 66 · Ancient Rome

1st century AD Roman courtier and author of the Satyricon (27–66)

philosopher

P

Philo of Alexandria

14 – 50 · Ancient Rome

Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE)

historian philosopher

P

Plato

428 – 348 · Classical Athens

4th-century BCE Greek philosopher

philosopher

P

Pliny the Elder

20 – 79 · Ancient Rome

Roman military commander and writer (AD23/24–79)

historian philosopher

P

Plotinus

205 – 270 · Ancient Rome

Hellenistic Platonist philosopher and founder of Neoplatonism (c. 204/5–270)

philosopher

P

Plutarch

40 – 120 · Ancient Rome

Greek philosopher and historian (c. AD 46 – after AD 119)

historian philosopher

P

Porphyry

233 – 301 · Ancient Rome

3rd-century Greek Neoplatonist philosopher

historian philosopher

P

Posidonius

134 – 50

Greek Stoic philosopher (c.135 – c.51 BC)

astronomer historian mathematician philosopher physicist

P

Protagoras

489 – 419

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher (c.490–c.420 BC)

philosopher

P

Ptolemy

100 – 170 · Ancient Rome

2nd-century Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer

astronomer mathematician philosopher

S

Seneca

4 – 65 · Ancient Rome

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist (c. 4 BCE–65 CE)

philosopher

S

Sima Qian

144 – 85 · Western Han

2nd-century BCE Chinese historian and writer

astronomer historian mathematician philosopher

S

Socrates

469 – 398 · Classical Athens

5th-century BCE Greek philosopher

philosopher

S

Sophocles

495 – 405 · Classical Athens

ancient Greek playwright

philosopher

S

Strabo

62 – 23

Greek geographer, philosopher and historian (64/63 BC–c.24 AD)

historian philosopher

T

Tertullian

160 – 240 · Ancient Rome

Roman Christian theologian and writer (c. 155 – c. 220)

philosopher

T

Theophrastus

370 – 286 · Classical Athens

Greek philosopher (c.371-c.287 BC)

philosopher physicist

X

Xenophon

429 – 353 · Classical Athens

Greek philosopher, historian, soldier (c. 430–355/354 BC)

historian philosopher

X

Xunzi

312 – 230 · Qi

Chinese Confucian philosopher (c. 310 – after 238 BCE)

philosopher

Z

Zeno of Citium

333 – 262 · Kition

Greek philosopher, founder of Stoicism

philosopher

Z

Zeno of Elea

489 – 424

Greek philosopher (c. 495 – c. 430 BC)

mathematician philosopher

Z

Zhang Heng

78 – 139 · Eastern Han

Chinese scientist and statesman (78–139)

astronomer mathematician philosopher

Z

Zhuang Zhou

368 – 287 · Song

Chinese Taoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BC)

philosopher

A

Abu Bakr al-Razi

866 – 925

Persian polymath, physician, chemist and philosopher (854-925)

chemist mathematician philosopher physician

A

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi

936 – 1013

Arab Andalusian physician, surgeon and chemist (936–1013)

philosopher physician

A

Aesop

619 – 563

ancient Greek storyteller (619 BC–563 BC)

philosopher

A

Al-Biruni

973 – 1048 · Samanid Empire

11th-century Persian scholar and polymath (973–1048)

astronomer chemist historian linguist mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Al-Ghazali

1058 – 1111 · Seljuk Empire

Persian Sunni Muslim scholar and mystic (c.1058–1111)

philosopher

A

Al-Kindi

801 – 870 · Abbasid Caliphate

Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician and physician (c.801–873)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physician

A

Albertus Magnus

1200 – 1280 · Holy Roman Empire

German-Dominican friar and saint (c. 1200–1280)

chemist economist philosopher

A

Alcuin

740 – 804 · Kingdom of Northumbria

8th-century Northumbrian scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher

philosopher

A

Amir Khusrau

1253 – 1325 · India

Indian poet, writer, singer and scholar (1253–1325)

philosopher

A

Anaximander

609 – 545 · Miletus

pre-Socratic Greek philosopher

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Anaximenes of Miletus

584 – 524

Greek Ionian Pre-Socratic philosopher (c.586–c.526 BC)

astronomer philosopher

A

Anselm of Canterbury

1033 – 1109 · Kingdom of France

11th‑century Benedictine monk, Archbishop of Canterbury, philosopher and theologian

philosopher

A

Attar of Nishapur

1145 – 1221

Persian Sufi poet (c. 1145 – c. 1221)

philosopher

A

Avempace

1095 – 1139 · Taifa of Zaragoza

Arab Andalusian polymath (c. 1085 – 1138)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physician physicist

A

Averroes

1126 – 1198

Arab Andalusian Muslim writer and philosopher (1126–1198)

astronomer philosopher physician

A

Avicenna

980 – 1037

Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)

astronomer chemist mathematician philosopher physician physicist

B

Bernard of Clairvaux

1091 – 1153 · Kingdom of France

Burgundian saint, abbot and theologian (1090-1153)

philosopher

B

Bonaventure

1221 – 1274

Franciscan, bishop, cardinal, Doctor of the Church, Catholic saint

philosopher

B

Bridget of Sweden

1303 – 1373 · Sweden

Swedish nun, mystic, and saint (c.1303–1373)

philosopher

C

Catherine of Siena

1347 – 1380

Italian Dominican saint (1347-1380)

philosopher

C

Christine de Pizan

1364 – 1430 · France

French poet and author (1364 – c. 1430)

philosopher

C

Clare of Assisi

1194 – 1253

Italian saint (1194–1253)

philosopher

C

Confucius

550 – 478 · Lu

5th-century BCE Chinese philosopher and politician

philosopher

D

Dante Alighieri

1265 – 1321 · Republic of Florence

Florentine poet, writer, and philosopher (c. 1265–1321)

linguist philosopher

D

Duns Scotus

1266 – 1308 · Kingdom of Scotland

Scottish Franciscan friar and philosopher (c. 1265/66–1308)

philosopher

E

Eugene IV

1383 – 1447 · Republic of Venice

pope of the Catholic Church from 1431 to 1447

philosopher

F

Farabi

870 – 951 · Abbasid Caliphate

10th century Persian philosopher and jurist

astronomer philosopher physicist

G

Geoffrey Chaucer

1343 – 1400 · Kingdom of England

14th century English poet and author (1343–1400)

linguist philosopher

G

Gregory VIII

1100 – 1187

Pope of the Roman Catholic Church in 1187

philosopher

H

Heraclitus

534 – 470 · Ephesus

Greek philosopher (late 6th/early 5th-century BC)

philosopher physicist

H

Hildegard of Bingen

1098 – 1179 · Holy Roman Empire

German Benedictine abbess, polymath, mystic and Doctor of Church (1098–1179)

philosopher physician

I

Ibn Arabi

1165 – 1240 · Almohad Caliphate

Sufi scholar and Sunni philosopher (1165–1240)

philosopher

I

Ibn Khaldun

1332 – 1406

Arab historiographer and historian

economist historian philosopher sociologist

I

Ibn al-Haytham

965 – 1039 · Fatimid Egyptian Caliphate

Persian physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c. 965 – c. 1040)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

I

Innocent V

1225 – 1276 · France

185th Pope of the Catholic Church

philosopher

I

Isidore of Seville

560 – 636 · Kingdom of Toledo

Hispano-Roman scholar, theologian and bishop (c. 560–636)

historian philosopher

J

Jabir ibn Hayyan

721 – 815

8th-century Islamic alchemist and author

astronomer mathematician philosopher physician

J

Jan Hus

1370 – 1415 · Kingdom of Bohemia

Czech theologian, philosopher and preacher (1369-1415)

linguist philosopher

J

John Wycliffe

1320 – 1385 · Kingdom of England

English theologian and dissident in the Roman Catholic Church

philosopher

J

John XXI

1215 – 1277 · Kingdom of Portugal

pope (1276-1277)

mathematician philosopher physician

J

John of Damascus

675 – 749 · Umayyad Caliphate

Christian monk, priest, hymnographer and apologist (675/6-749)

astronomer philosopher

K

Kabir

1398 – 1518

15th-century Indian mystic poet and saint

philosopher

L

Laozi

579 – 500 · Zhou dynasty

6th-century BC semi-legendary Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism

philosopher

L

Leucippus

500 – 500 · Miletus

5th-century BCE Greek philosopher

philosopher physicist

L

Li Bai

701 – 762 · Tang dynasty

Classical Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty (701–762)

philosopher

M

Meister Eckhart

1260 – 1328 · Germany

German philosopher and theologian

philosopher

M

Moshe ben Maimon

1138 – 1204 · al-Andalus

Medieval Jewish philosopher from Spain (1135–1204)

astronomer philosopher physician

M

Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

839 – 922 · Abbasid Caliphate

Iranian scholar, historian and commentator on the Qur'an (839–923)

historian philosopher

M

Murasaki Shikibu

970 – 1100 · Japan

Japanese novelist and poet (c.973–c.1014)

philosopher

M

Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

780 – 850

9th-century Persian mathematician and astronomer

astronomer historian mathematician philosopher

N

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

1201 – 1274 · Khwarazmian Empire

Persian astronomer (1201–1274)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physician

N

Nizami Ganjavi

1141 – 1214

Persian poet

philosopher

O

Omar Khayyám

1048 – 1131 · Seljuk Empire

Persian mathematician and poet (1048–1131)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

P

Parmenides

514 – 469

late 6th/early 5th century BC Greek pre-Socratic philosopher

philosopher

P

Peter Abelard

1079 – 1142 · Kingdom of France

French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician (c.1079-1142)

linguist philosopher

P

Petrarch

1304 – 1374 · Republic of Florence

Italian scholar and poet (1304-1374)

philosopher

P

Pythagoras

582 – 490 · Samos

Greek philosopher and mathematician (c. 570 – c. 495 BC)

mathematician philosopher

R

Rabia of Basri

710 – 801 · Umayyad Caliphate

Iraqi sufi and poet

philosopher

R

Ramon Llull

1232 – 1316 · Kingdom of Majorca

Majorcan writer and philosopher (c.1232–1315/6)

philosopher

R

Roger Bacon

1220 – 1292 · Kingdom of England

English polymath, philosopher and friar (c.1219/20–c.1292)

mathematician philosopher physicist

R

Rumi

1207 – 1273

Iranian poet

philosopher

S

Shen Kuo

1031 – 1095 · Song dynasty

Chinese scientist and statesman (1031-1095)

astronomer economist mathematician philosopher physicist

S

Shri Ramanujacharya

1017 – 1137 · India

12th-century Iconic indian social reformer and proponent of the Vishishtadvaita...

philosopher

S

Solon

629 – 559 · Classical Athens

Athenian legislator

philosopher

S

Sun Tzu

543 – 469 · Wu

6th century BCE Chinese general and military strategist

philosopher

T

Thales

624 – 545

ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician

philosopher

T

The Buddha

500 – 500

Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism (623 or 563 BCE – 543 or 483 BCE)

philosopher psychologist

T

Thomas Aquinas

1225 – 1274

Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church (1225–1274)

philosopher

W

William of Ockham

1287 – 1349 · Kingdom of England

English Franciscan friar and theologian (c.1287–1347)

philosopher physicist

X

Xenophanes

569 – 477

Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher (c.570–c.478 BC)

philosopher

X

Xuanzang

602 – 664 · Tang dynasty

7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar (602–664)

philosopher

Z

Zeami Motokiyo

1363 – 1443 · Japan

Japanese aesthetician and playwright

philosopher

Z

Zhu Xi

1130 – 1200 · Song dynasty

Chinese historian, neo-Confucian philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song...

historian philosopher

Ā

Ādi Shankara

788 – 820

An Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta...

philosopher

A

Adrian VI

1459 – 1523 · Papal States

pope of the Catholic Church from 1522 to 1523 (1459–1523)

philosopher

A

Ali-Shir Nava'i

1441 – 1501 · Timurid Empire

Turkic poet and politician (1441–1501)

philosopher

E

Erasmus

1466 – 1536 · Seventeen Provinces

Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and theologian (1466-1536)

philosopher

F

Francis Bacon

1561 – 1626 · Kingdom of England

English philosopher and statesman (1561–1626)

historian philosopher

G

Galileo Galilei

1564 – 1642 · Duchy of Florence

Italian polymath (1564–1642)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

G

Georgius Agricola

1494 – 1555 · Electorate of Saxony

German mineralogist (1494-1555)

chemist historian philosopher physician

G

Gerardus Mercator

1512 – 1594 · Habsburg Netherlands

Flemish geographer, cosmographer and cartographer (1512–1594)

mathematician philosopher

G

Gerolamo Cardano

1501 – 1576 · Duchy of Milan

Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer (1501-1576)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physician

G

Giordano Bruno

1548 – 1600 · Kingdom of Naples

Italian Dominican friar, philosopher and mathematician (1548–1600)

astronomer mathematician philosopher

G

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

1463 – 1494 · Duchy of Mirandola

Italian Renaissance philosopher (1463–1494)

philosopher

G

Girolamo Savonarola

1452 – 1498 · Duchy of Ferrara

Italian Dominican friar and preacher (1452-1498)

philosopher

H

Hugo Grotius

1583 – 1645 · Dutch Republic

Dutch jurist and scholar (1583-1645)

historian philosopher

J

Jami

1414 – 1492 · Timurid Empire

Persian poet (1414–1492)

philosopher

J

Jean Bodin

1530 – 1596 · France

French jurist, witchcraft theorist and political philosopher (1529 or 1530–1596)

economist historian philosopher

J

Johannes Kepler

1572 – 1630 · Duchy of Württemberg

German mathematician and astronomer (1571–1630)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

J

John Amos Comenius

1592 – 1670 · Habsburg monarchy

Czech teacher, educator, philosopher and writer (1592-1670)

historian linguist philosopher

J

John Dee

1527 – 1609 · Kingdom of England

16th-century English mathematician, astrologer, and alchemist

astronomer mathematician philosopher

L

Leon Battista Alberti

1404 – 1472 · Republic of Genoa

Italian architect and writer (1404-1472)

linguist mathematician philosopher

M

Marin Mersenne

1588 – 1648 · France

French theologian, philosopher, mathematician and music theorist, often referred to as...

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

M

Marsilio Ficino

1433 – 1499 · Republic of Florence

Italian philosopher and Catholic priest (1433–1499)

philosopher physician

M

Martin Luther

1483 – 1546 · Electorate of Saxony

German priest and theologian (1483–1546)

philosopher

M

Michel de Montaigne

1533 – 1592 · Kingdom of France

French author, philosopher, and statesman (1533–1592)

philosopher

N

Niccolò Machiavelli

1469 – 1527 · Republic of Florence

Italian diplomat and political and military theorist (1469–1527)

historian philosopher

N

Nicholas of Cusa

1401 – 1464 · Holy Roman Empire

German philosopher (1401 – 1464)

astronomer mathematician philosopher

N

Nicolaus Copernicus

1473 – 1543 · Kingdom of Poland

Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543)

astronomer economist mathematician philosopher physician physicist

P

Paracelsus

1493 – 1541 · Switzerland

Swiss physician, philosopher, theologian, and alchemist (c. 1493–1541)

astronomer chemist philosopher physician

P

Philipp Melanchthon

1497 – 1560 · Germany

German reformer (1497-1560)

astronomer philosopher

P

Pierre Gassendi

1592 – 1655 · Kingdom of France

French philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, priest, and scientist (*1592 – †1655)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

R

René Descartes

1596 – 1650 · France

French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (1596–1650)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

T

Teresa of Ávila

1515 – 1582 · Crown of Castile

Roman Catholic saint (1515-1582)

philosopher

T

Thomas Hobbes

1588 – 1679 · Kingdom of England

English philosopher (1588–1679)

economist historian mathematician philosopher

T

Thomas More

1478 – 1535 · Kingdom of England

English statesman, lawyer and philosopher (1478–1535)

historian philosopher

T

Tommaso Campanella

1568 – 1639 · Kingdom of Naples

Italian philosopher, theologian, astrologer, and poet (1568-1639)

philosopher

T

Tulsidas

1532 – 1623

Hindu saint and poet (1532–1623), author of the Ramcharitmanas and Hanuman Chalisa

philosopher

W

William Gilbert

1544 – 1603 · Kingdom of England

English physician, physicist and natural philosopher (1544-1603)

astronomer philosopher physician physicist

A

Adam Smith

1723 – 1790 · Kingdom of Great Britain

Scottish moral philosopher and political economist (1723–1790)

economist philosopher

A

Alexander Hamilton

1757 – 1804 · United States

American Founding Father and statesman (1755/1757–1804)

economist philosopher

A

Alexander Pope

1688 – 1744 · Kingdom of England

English poet (1688–1744)

philosopher

A

André-Marie Ampère

1775 – 1836 · France

French physicist and mathematician (1775–1836)

chemist mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Arthur Schopenhauer

1788 – 1860 · Kingdom of Prussia

German philosopher (1788-1860)

philosopher

A

Athanasius Kircher

1602 – 1680 · Holy Roman Empire

German Jesuit scholar (1601 or 1602-1680)

astronomer biologist historian linguist mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Auguste Comte

1798 – 1857 · France

French philosopher, mathematician and sociologist (1798–1857)

mathematician philosopher sociologist

B

Baron d'Holbach

1723 – 1789 · Electoral Palatinate

German-born French philosopher (1723–1789)

chemist philosopher

B

Benedictus de Spinoza

1632 – 1677 · Dutch Republic

Dutch philosopher (1632-1677)

philosopher

B

Bernard Bolzano

1781 – 1848 · Kingdom of Bohemia

Bohemian mathematician and priest (1781–1848)

historian mathematician philosopher

B

Blaise Pascal

1623 – 1662 · Kingdom of France

French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philosopher (1623-1662)

mathematician philosopher physicist

C

Carl von Clausewitz

1780 – 1831 · Kingdom of Prussia

German-Prussian general and military theorist

historian philosopher

C

Charles Babbage

1791 – 1871 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English mathematician, philosopher, and engineer (1791–1871)

astronomer computer scientist economist mathematician philosopher

C

Charles Fourier

1772 – 1837 · France

French utopian socialist and philosopher (1772–1837)

economist philosopher sociologist

C

Christian Wolff

1679 – 1754 · Kingdom of Prussia

German philosopher (1679–1754)

mathematician philosopher

C

Christina of Sweden

1626 – 1689 · Sweden

Queen of Sweden, ruled from 1632 until abdication in 1654 (1626–1689)

philosopher

C

Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon

1760 – 1826 · France

French early socialist theorist (1760-1825)

economist historian philosopher sociologist

C

Cyrano de Bergerac

1619 – 1655 · France

French novelist and dramatist (1619–1655)

philosopher

D

David Brewster

1781 – 1868 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Scottish astronomer and mathematician (1781–1868)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

D

David Hume

1711 – 1776 · Kingdom of Great Britain

Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian (1711-1776)

economist historian philosopher

D

David Ricardo

1772 – 1823 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British economist and politician (1772–1823)

economist philosopher

D

Denis Diderot

1713 – 1784 · Kingdom of France

French Enlightenment philosopher writer and encyclopædist (1713–1784)

historian philosopher

E

Edmond Halley

1656 – 1742 · Kingdom of England

English astronomer, mathematician, geophysicist, meteorologist and physicist (1656–1742)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

E

Edmund Burke

1729 – 1797 · Kingdom of Ireland

Anglo-Irish statesman, political theorist and conservative philosopher (1729–1797)

philosopher

E

Emmanuel Swedenborg

1688 – 1772 · Sweden

Swedish 18th century scientist and theologian (1688-1772)

mathematician philosopher physicist

F

François Quesnay

1694 – 1774 · France

French economist

economist philosopher physician

F

Friedrich Hölderlin

1770 – 1843 · Kingdom of Württemberg

German poet

philosopher

F

Friedrich Schiller

1759 – 1805 · Duchy of Württemberg

German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian (1759–1805)

historian philosopher physician

F

Friedrich Schlegel

1772 – 1829 · Electorate of Hanover

German poet, critic and scholar, editor

historian philosopher

F

Friedrich Schleiermacher

1768 – 1834 · Kingdom of Prussia

German theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar (1768-1834)

philosopher

F

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

1775 – 1854 · Kingdom of Württemberg

German philosopher (1775–1854)

philosopher

G

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

1770 – 1831 · Kingdom of Württemberg

German philosopher and theologian (1770–1831)

philosopher

G

George Berkeley

1685 – 1753 · Kingdom of Ireland

Irish idealist philosopher and Anglican bishop (1685–1753)

philosopher

G

Georges Cuvier

1769 – 1832 · France

French naturalist, zoologist and paleontologist (1769–1832)

philosopher

G

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

1707 – 1788 · France

French natural historian (1707-1788)

astronomer biologist mathematician philosopher physicist

G

Germaine de Staël

1766 – 1817 · Republic of Geneva

Genevan-French author (1766-1817)

philosopher

G

Giacomo Leopardi

1798 – 1837 · Papal States

Italian noble, poet, philosopher, and writer (1798-1837)

philosopher

G

Giambattista Vico

1668 – 1744 · Kingdom of Naples

Italian philosopher, rhetorician, historian and jurist

historian philosopher sociologist

G

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

1646 – 1716 · Electorate of Saxony

German mathematician and philosopher (1646–1716)

historian mathematician philosopher physicist

G

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

1729 – 1781 · Electorate of Saxony

German writer, philosopher, publicist, and art critic (1729-1781)

philosopher

G

Guru Gobind Singh

1666 – 1708

tenth Sikh guru (1661–1708)

philosopher

I

Immanuel Kant

1724 – 1804 · Kingdom of Prussia

German philosopher (1724-1804)

mathematician philosopher physicist

I

Isaac Newton

1643 – 1727 · Kingdom of England

English mathematician and physicist (1642–1727)

mathematician philosopher

I

Isabelle de Charrière

1740 – 1805 · Dutch Republic

Dutch French-language writer and composer (1740-1805)

philosopher

J

James Madison

1751 – 1836 · United States

President of the United States from 1809 to 1817 (1751–1836)

philosopher

J

Jean Le Rond d'Alembert

1717 – 1783 · Kingdom of France

French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher and music theorist (1717-1783)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

J

Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat de Condorcet

1743 – 1794 · France

French philosopher, mathematician, and political scientist (1743–1794)

economist mathematician philosopher sociologist

J

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1712 – 1778 · Republic of Geneva

Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer (1712-1778)

philosopher

J

Jeremy Bentham

1748 – 1832 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer (1748–1832)

economist philosopher

J

Johann Gottfried Herder

1744 – 1803 · Kingdom of Prussia

German philosopher, theologian, poet (1744–1803)

philosopher

J

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

1762 – 1814 · Germany

German philosopher (1762–1814)

philosopher

J

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

1749 – 1832 · Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

German writer, artist, natural scientist and politician (1749–1832)

philosopher physicist

J

John Locke

1632 – 1704 · Kingdom of England

English philosopher and physician (1632-1704)

philosopher physician

J

John Wesley

1703 – 1791 · Kingdom of Great Britain

founder of the Methodist movement (1703-1791)

philosopher

J

Jonathan Swift

1667 – 1745 · Kingdom of Ireland

Anglo-Irish satirist and essayist (1667–1745)

philosopher

J

Joseph Priestley

1733 – 1804 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English chemist, theologian, educator, and political theorist (1733–1804)

chemist linguist philosopher physicist

L

Laura Bassi

1711 – 1778 · Papal States

Italian physicist (1711-1778)

biologist mathematician philosopher physicist

M

Maria Gaetana Agnesi

1718 – 1799 · Habsburg monarchy

Italian mathematician and philanthropist (1718–1799)

mathematician philosopher

M

Marquis de Sade

1740 – 1814 · Kingdom of France

French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer of erotic works

philosopher

M

Mary Wollstonecraft

1759 – 1797 · Kingdom of Great Britain

English writer and intellectual (1759–1797)

historian philosopher

M

Mikhail Lomonosov

1711 – 1765 · Russian Empire

Russian polymath (1711-1765)

astronomer chemist historian linguist mathematician philosopher physicist

M

Montesquieu

1689 – 1755 · Kingdom of France

French philosopher (1689–1755)

historian philosopher sociologist

N

Novalis

1772 – 1801 · Electorate of Saxony

German poet and writer (1772-1801)

philosopher

O

Olympe de Gouges

1748 – 1793 · France

French playwright and political activist (1748–1793)

philosopher

P

Pierre Bayle

1647 – 1706 · France

French philosopher and writer (1647–1706)

historian philosopher

P

Pierre-Simon Laplace

1749 – 1827 · France

French mathematician and astronomer (1749–1827)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

R

Ram Mohan Roy

1772 – 1833 · Company rule in India

Indian religious, social, and educational reformer, and humanitarian

philosopher

R

Robert Boyle

1627 – 1691

Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor

chemist philosopher physicist

R

Robert Hooke

1635 – 1703 · Kingdom of England

English natural philosopher, architect and polymath (1635 — 1703)

astronomer biologist philosopher physicist

R

Robert Owen

1771 – 1858 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Welsh textile manufacturer and social reformer (1771–1858)

economist philosopher sociologist

S

Samuel Adams

1722 – 1803 · United States

American statesman, political philosopher, governor of Massachusetts and Founding...

philosopher

S

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

1772 – 1834 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English poet, literary critic and philosopher (1772–1834)

philosopher

S

Sophie Germain

1776 – 1831 · France

French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (1776-1831)

mathematician philosopher physicist

S

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

1651 – 1695 · New Spain

Mexican writer, philosopher, playwright and poet

mathematician philosopher

T

Thomas Bayes

1702 – 1761 · Kingdom of Great Britain

British mathematician and Presbyterian minister (1702-1761)

mathematician philosopher

T

Thomas Carlyle

1795 – 1881 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher (1795–1881)

historian linguist mathematician philosopher

T

Thomas Jefferson

1743 – 1826 · United States

president of the United States from 1801 to 1809 (1743–1826)

philosopher

T

Thomas Paine

1737 – 1809 · Kingdom of Great Britain

American Founding Father, philosopher, and political activist (1737–1809)

philosopher

T

Thomas Young

1773 – 1829 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English polymath (1773-1829)

astronomer linguist philosopher physician physicist

V

Voltaire

1694 – 1778 · Kingdom of France

French writer, historian and philosopher (1694–1778)

historian philosopher

W

Wilhelm von Humboldt

1767 – 1835 · Kingdom of Prussia

Prussian philosopher, government official, diplomat, and educator (1767–1835)

historian linguist philosopher

W

William Blake

1757 – 1827 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English poet and artist (1757–1827)

philosopher

W

William Godwin

1756 – 1836 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English journalist, political philosopher and novelist

philosopher

W

William Penn

1644 – 1718 · Kingdom of England

English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker and founder of the...

philosopher

É

Émilie du Châtelet

1706 – 1749 · France

Era chiná physicist, and author (1706-1749)

mathematician philosopher physicist

A

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

1896 – 1977 · Dominion of India

Indian spiritual teacher and founder of the ISKCON

philosopher

A

Abay Kunanbaiuly

1845 – 1904 · Russian Empire

Kazakh poet, philosopher and composer (1845-1904)

linguist philosopher

A

Albert Einstein

1879 – 1955 · Cisleithania

German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)

mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Albert Schweitzer

1875 – 1965 · German Reich

French-German physician, theologian, musician, and philosopher (1875-1965)

philosopher physician

A

Aldous Huxley

1894 – 1963 · United Kingdom

English writer and philosopher (1894–1963)

philosopher

A

Alexander Blok

1880 – 1921 · Russian Empire

Russian poet (1880–1921)

philosopher

A

Alexander Herzen

1812 – 1870 · Russian Empire

Russian author, philosopher, and revolutionary (1812–1870)

philosopher

A

Alexis de Tocqueville

1805 – 1859 · France

French political thinker and historian, minister of Foreign Affairs (1805-1859)

historian philosopher sociologist

A

Alfred Marshall

1842 – 1924 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British economist (1842–1924)

economist philosopher

A

Alfred North Whitehead

1861 – 1947 · United Kingdom

English mathematician and philosopher (1861–1947)

mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Andrei Bely

1880 – 1934 · Russian Empire

Russian poet, writer and critic (1880–1934)

philosopher

A

Annie Besant

1847 – 1933 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British socialist, theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator (1847-1933)

philosopher

A

Antonio Gramsci

1891 – 1937 · Kingdom of Italy

Italian Marxist philosopher, writer, and politician (1891–1937)

economist historian philosopher sociologist

A

Arnold J. Toynbee

1889 – 1975 · United Kingdom

British historian (1889–1975)

historian philosopher

A

Arthur Balfour

1848 – 1930 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British Prime Minister, Conservative politician, and statesman (1848-1930)

philosopher

A

Arthur Eddington

1882 – 1944 · United Kingdom

British astrophysicist (1882-1944)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

A

Aurobindo Ghosh

1872 – 1950 · British Raj

Indian Bengali philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet and nationalist (1872–1950)

philosopher

B

B. R. Ambedkar

1891 – 1956 · British Raj

Indian polymath, philosopher, and social reformer (1891–1956)

economist historian philosopher sociologist

B

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

1856 – 1920 · British Raj

Indian nationalist leader, writer and journalist (1856–1920)

philosopher

B

Benedetto Croce

1866 – 1952 · Kingdom of Italy

Italian philosopher (1866-1952)

historian philosopher

B

Bertrand Russell

1872 – 1970 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British philosopher and logician (1872–1970)

mathematician philosopher

B

Buckminster Fuller

1895 – 1983 · United States

American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor and futurist (1895–1983)

mathematician philosopher

C

Charles Sanders Peirce

1839 – 1914 · United States

American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist (1839-1914)

linguist mathematician philosopher physicist

D

David Hilbert

1862 – 1943 · German Empire

German mathematician (1862–1943)

mathematician philosopher physicist

E

Edith Stein

1891 – 1942 · Germany

Jewish-German Catholic nun, theologian and philosopher (1891–1942)

linguist philosopher

E

Edmund Husserl

1859 – 1938 · German Reich

German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology (*1859 – †1938)

mathematician philosopher

E

Eduard Bernstein

1850 – 1932 · German Empire

German politician and theorist (1850–1932)

economist historian philosopher

E

Edward Sapir

1884 – 1939 · United States

American linguist and anthropologist (1884-1939)

linguist philosopher

E

Emanuel Lasker

1868 – 1941 · German Empire

former World Chess champion (1868–1941)

mathematician philosopher

E

Emma Goldman

1869 – 1940 · Russian Empire

Russian-born American anarchist (1869–1940)

philosopher

E

Ernst Cassirer

1874 – 1945 · Weimar Republic

German philosopher (1874–1945)

philosopher

E

Ernst Haeckel

1834 – 1919 · German Empire

German zoologist (1834-1919)

biologist philosopher physician

E

Ernst Jünger

1895 – 1998 · Germany

German writer (1895–1998)

philosopher

E

Ernst Mach

1838 – 1916 · Kingdom of Bohemia

Austrian physicist (1838–1916)

philosopher physicist

F

Ferdinand Buisson

1841 – 1932 · France

French academic and politician (1841-1932)

philosopher

F

Ferdinand Lassalle

1825 – 1864 · Kingdom of Prussia

German jurist and socialist (1825–1864)

economist philosopher

F

Ferdinand Tönnies

1855 – 1936 · Germany

German sociologist, economist and philosopher (1855–1936)

economist philosopher sociologist

F

Fernando Pessoa

1888 – 1935 · Kingdom of Portugal

Portuguese poet, writer, and philosopher (1888–1935); creator of the heteronymic...

philosopher

F

Francis Galton

1822 – 1911 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British eugenist, polymath, and behavioural geneticist (1822–1911)

mathematician philosopher psychologist sociologist

F

Franz Boas

1858 – 1942 · German Empire

German-American anthropologist

linguist philosopher physicist

F

Friedrich Engels

1820 – 1895 · Kingdom of Prussia

German philosopher, sociologist and economist (1820–1895)

economist historian philosopher sociologist

F

Friedrich Hayek

1899 – 1992 · United Kingdom

Austrian and British economist (1899–1992)

economist historian philosopher

F

Friedrich Nietzsche

1844 – 1900 · Kingdom of Prussia

German philosopher (1844-1900)

philosopher

F

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

1821 – 1881 · Russian Empire

Russian novelist (1821–1881)

philosopher

F

Fyodor Tyutchev

1803 – 1873 · Russian Empire

Russian poet (1803–1873)

philosopher

G

G. K. Chesterton

1874 – 1936 · United Kingdom

English author and Christian apologist (1874–1936)

historian philosopher

G

Georg Cantor

1845 – 1918 · German Reich

German mathematician, inventor of set theory (1845–1918)

mathematician philosopher

G

Georg Lukács

1885 – 1971 · Hungary

Hungarian marxist philosopher and literary critic (1885–1971)

philosopher sociologist

G

Georg Simmel

1858 – 1918 · Kingdom of Prussia

German sociologist, philosopher, and critic (1858–1918)

philosopher sociologist

G

George Eliot

1819 – 1880 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English novelist, essayist, poet and journalist (1819–1880)

philosopher

G

Georges Bataille

1897 – 1962 · France

French intellectual and literary figure (1897–1962)

philosopher

G

Georgi Plekhanov

1856 – 1918 · Russian Empire

Russian philosopher (1856–1918)

economist historian philosopher sociologist

G

Giuseppe Mazzini

1805 – 1872 · Kingdom of Italy

Italian nationalist activist, politician, journalist and philosopher

philosopher

G

Giuseppe Peano

1858 – 1932 · Kingdom of Italy

Italian mathematician (1858–1932)

linguist mathematician philosopher

G

Gottlob Frege

1848 – 1925 · Germany

German philosopher, logician, and mathematician (1848–1925)

mathematician philosopher

G

Gustav Fechner

1801 – 1887 · Kingdom of Prussia

German scientist (1801-1887)

philosopher physician physicist psychologist

G

Gustave Le Bon

1841 – 1931 · France

French psychologist (1841-1931)

philosopher physician physicist psychologist sociologist

H

Harry Houdini

1874 – 1926 · Austria–Hungary

Hungarian-born American illusionist, escapologist, and stunt performer (1874–1926)

historian philosopher

H

Heinrich Hertz

1857 – 1894 · Hamburg

German physicist (1857–1894)

philosopher physicist

H

Helena Blavatsky

1831 – 1891 · Russian Empire

Russian occult writer (1831-1891)

philosopher

H

Henri Bergson

1859 – 1941 · France

French philosopher (1859–1941)

philosopher sociologist

H

Henri Poincaré

1854 – 1912 · France

French mathematician, physicist and engineer (1854–1912)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

H

Henry David Thoreau

1817 – 1862 · United States

American essayist, poet, and philosopher (1817–1862)

philosopher

H

Herbert Marcuse

1898 – 1979 · West Germany

German philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist (1898–1979)

philosopher sociologist

H

Herbert Spencer

1820 – 1903 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English philosopher and political theorist (1820–1903)

economist philosopher psychologist sociologist

H

Hermann Hesse

1877 – 1962 · German Empire

Nobel Prize winning German-Swiss poet, novelist and painter (1877–1962)

philosopher

H

Hermann Weyl

1885 – 1955 · German Empire

German mathematician (1885–1955)

mathematician philosopher physicist

H

Hermann von Helmholtz

1821 – 1894 · German Reich

German physicist and physiologist (1821-1894)

philosopher physicist psychologist

I

Ilia Chavchavadze

1837 – 1907

Georgian public figure and writer; a saint of Georgian Orthodox Church (1837-1907)

historian philosopher

J

Jane Addams

1860 – 1935 · United States

American feminist social activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, philosopher,...

philosopher sociologist

J

Jean Piaget

1896 – 1980 · Switzerland

Swiss psychologist, biologist, logician, philosopher and academic (1896–1980)

biologist philosopher psychologist

J

Jiddu Krishnamurti

1895 – 1986 · Dominion of India

Indian spiritual philosopher, mystic, speaker and writer (1895–1986)

philosopher

J

John Dewey

1859 – 1952 · United States

American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer (1859–1952)

philosopher psychologist sociologist

J

John Henry Newman

1801 – 1890 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English cleric and cardinal (1801–1890)

philosopher

J

John Maynard Keynes

1883 – 1946 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British economist (1883–1946)

economist mathematician philosopher

J

John Ruskin

1819 – 1900 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

English writer and art critic (1819–1900)

philosopher sociologist

J

John Stuart Mill

1806 – 1873 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British philosopher and political economist (1806–1873)

economist philosopher

J

John Venn

1834 – 1923 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British logician and philosopher (1834-1923)

mathematician philosopher

J

José Martí

1853 – 1895 · Mexico

Cuban poet, philosopher and nationalist (1853-1895)

linguist philosopher

J

José Ortega y Gasset

1883 – 1955 · Spain

Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist (1883–1955)

philosopher sociologist

K

Kahlil Gibran

1883 – 1931 · State of Greater Lebanon

Lebanese-American writer, poet, and painter (1883–1931)

philosopher

K

Karel Čapek

1890 – 1938 · Cisleithania

Czech writer (1890–1938)

philosopher

K

Karl Jaspers

1883 – 1969 · Germany

German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher (1883–1969)

philosopher physician psychologist

K

Karl Kautsky

1854 – 1938 · German Reich

Czech-Austrian Marxist theorist (1854–1938)

economist philosopher

K

Karl Marx

1818 – 1883 · statelessness

German-born philosopher (1818-1883)

economist historian philosopher sociologist

K

Karl Pearson

1857 – 1936 · United Kingdom

English mathematician, biometrician, and eugenicist (1857–1936)

historian mathematician philosopher psychologist

K

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

1857 – 1935 · Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory (1857-1935)

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

L

Leo Tolstoy

1828 – 1910 · Russian Empire

Russian author (1828–1910)

philosopher

L

Leon Trotsky

1879 – 1940 · Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

Russian Marxist revolutionary (1879–1940)

historian philosopher

L

Lev Vygotsky

1896 – 1934 · Russian Empire

Soviet psychologist (1896-1934)

philosopher psychologist

L

Lewis Carroll

1832 – 1898 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British author and scholar (1832–1898)

mathematician philosopher

L

Lou Andreas-Salomé

1861 – 1937 · German Reich

German-Russian essayist, philosopher, and psychoanalyst (1861–1937)

philosopher

L

Louis Agassiz

1807 – 1873 · Switzerland

Swiss-American naturalist (1807–1873)

philosopher physician

L

Ludwig Boltzmann

1844 – 1906 · Austria–Hungary

Austrian physicist and philosopher (1844–1906)

chemist mathematician philosopher physicist

L

Ludwig Feuerbach

1804 – 1872 · Kingdom of Bavaria

German philosopher and anthropologist (1804–1872)

philosopher

L

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889 – 1951 · United Kingdom

Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)

mathematician philosopher

L

Ludwig von Mises

1881 – 1973 · Austria

Austrian-American economist (1881–1973)

economist philosopher

M

Mahatma Gandhi

1869 – 1948 · India

Indian independence activist (1869–1948)

philosopher

M

Mao Zedong

1893 – 1976 · Republic of China

1st chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and founder of the People's Republic of...

philosopher

M

Marcel Duchamp

1887 – 1968 · France

French painter, sculptor, and chess player (1887–1968)

philosopher

M

Maria Montessori

1870 – 1952 · Kingdom of Italy

Italian physician and educator (1870-1952)

biologist philosopher physician

M

Martin Buber

1878 – 1965 · Cisleithania

German Jewish Existentialist philosopher and theologian (1878–1965)

philosopher

M

Martin Heidegger

1889 – 1976 · West Germany

German philosopher (1889–1976)

philosopher

M

Matthias Jacob Schleiden

1804 – 1881 · Hamburg

German botanist and philosopher (1804-1881)

philosopher

M

Maurice Maeterlinck

1862 – 1949 · Belgium

Belgian playwright and essayist (1862–1949)

philosopher

M

Max Horkheimer

1895 – 1973 · Germany

German philosopher and sociologist (1895–1973)

philosopher sociologist

M

Max Planck

1858 – 1947 · German Reich

German theoretical physicist (1858–1947)

philosopher physicist

M

Max Scheler

1874 – 1928 · Germany

German philosopher (1874-1928)

philosopher sociologist

M

Max Stirner

1806 – 1856 · Kingdom of Bavaria

German philosopher (1806-1856)

philosopher

M

Max Weber

1864 – 1920 · North German Confederation

German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist (1864–1920)

economist historian philosopher sociologist

M

Miguel de Unamuno

1864 – 1936 · Spain

Spanish poet (1864-1936)

philosopher

M

Mikhail Bakhtin

1895 – 1975 · Russian Empire

Russian intellectual and philosopher (1895–1975)

linguist philosopher

M

Mikhail Bakunin

1814 – 1876 · Russian Empire

Russian revolutionary anarchist and philosopher (1814–1876)

philosopher

M

Muhammad Abduh

1849 – 1905 · Ottoman Empire

Egyptian Islamic jurist, religious scholar and liberal reformer (1849-1905)

philosopher

M

Muhammad Iqbal

1877 – 1938 · British Raj

British-Indian Islamic philosopher, poet and politician (1877-1938)

philosopher

N

Nicholas Roerich

1874 – 1947 · Russian Empire

Russian painter, writer, archaeologist and philosopher (1874–1947)

historian philosopher

N

Nikolai Berdyaev

1874 – 1948 · Russian Republic

Russian philosopher (1874–1948)

philosopher

N

Nikolai Bukharin

1888 – 1938 · Russian Empire

Russian revolutionary and politician (1888–1938)

economist philosopher

N

Nikolay Chernyshevsky

1828 – 1889 · Russian Empire

Russian writer and nihilist philosopher (1828–1889)

economist philosopher

N

Nikos Kazantzakis

1883 – 1957 · Greece

Greek writer, poet and philosopher (1883-1957)

philosopher

O

Oswald Spengler

1880 – 1936 · Germany

German historian and philosopher (1880-1936)

historian mathematician philosopher sociologist

P

Paramahansa Yogananda

1893 – 1952 · British Raj

Yogi, Kriya Yoga guru and founder of Self-Realization Fellowship (1893-1952)

philosopher

P

Paul Valéry

1871 – 1945 · France

French poet, essayist, and philosopher (1871–1945)

philosopher

P

Peter Kropotkin

1842 – 1921 · Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

Russian revolutionary socialist and philosopher (1842–1921)

economist philosopher

P

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

1881 – 1955 · France

French philosopher, Jesuit priest, and paleontologist

philosopher

P

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

1809 – 1865 · France

French politician, philosopher, anarchist and socialist (1809-1865)

economist philosopher sociologist

R

Rabindranath Tagore

1861 – 1941 · British Raj

Bengali poet, philosopher and polymath (1861–1941)

philosopher

R

Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803 – 1882 · United States

American philosopher (1803–1882)

philosopher

R

Ramakrishna

1836 – 1886 · Legislatures of British India

Indian mystic and religious preacher (1836–1886)

philosopher

R

Ramana Maharshi

1879 – 1950 · Dominion of India

Indian spiritual teacher (1879–1950)

philosopher

R

Richard Dedekind

1831 – 1916 · Duchy of Brunswick

German mathematician (1831–1916)

mathematician philosopher

R

Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi

1894 – 1972 · Czechoslovakia

Austrian-Japanese politician and philosopher

philosopher

R

Rosa Luxemburg

1871 – 1919 · Russian Empire

Polish-German Marxist revolutionary (1871–1919)

economist philosopher

R

Rudolf Carnap

1891 – 1970 · German Empire

German philosopher and logician (1891–1970)

philosopher

R

Rudolf Christoph Eucken

1846 – 1926 · German Empire

(1846-1926) German philosopher

philosopher

R

Rudolf Steiner

1861 – 1925 · Austrian Empire

Austrian social reformer, occultist and esotericist (1861–1925)

philosopher

S

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

1888 – 1975 · Dominion of India

2nd President and 1st Vice President of India, Indian philosopher and politician (1888–1975)

historian philosopher

S

Soh Jaipil

1866 – 1951 · Korea

Korean-American independence activist and journalist (1864–1951)

philosopher physician

S

Sully Prudhomme

1839 – 1907 · France

French poet, Nobel prize for literature winner 1901 (1839–1907)

philosopher

S

Sun Yat-sen

1866 – 1925 · Republic of China

Chinese politician, physician, and revolutionary (1866–1925)

philosopher physician

S

Swami Vivekananda

1863 – 1902 · British Raj

Indian Hindu monk and philosopher (1863–1902)

philosopher

S

Søren Kierkegaard

1813 – 1855 · Kingdom of Denmark

Danish theologian, philosopher, poet and social critic (1813–1855)

philosopher

T

Taras Shevchenko

1814 – 1861 · Russian Empire

Ukrainian poet and artist (1814–1861)

philosopher

T

Thomas Henry Huxley

1825 – 1895 · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British biologist and comparative anatomist (1825–1895)

biologist linguist philosopher

T

Thorstein Veblen

1857 – 1929 · United States

American economist and sociologist (1857–1929)

economist philosopher sociologist

T

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk

1850 – 1937 · Cisleithania

Czechoslovak politician, statesman, sociologist and philosopher; first Czechoslovak...

historian philosopher sociologist

V

Vilfredo Pareto

1848 – 1923 · Kingdom of Italy

Italian economist and sociologist (1848-1923)

economist mathematician philosopher sociologist

V

Vissarion Belinsky

1811 – 1848 · Russian Empire

Russian literary critic (1811-1848)

philosopher

V

Vladimir Dal

1801 – 1872 · Russian Empire

Russian lexicographer (1801-1872)

linguist philosopher physician

V

Vladimir Vernadsky

1863 – 1945 · Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

Russian and Soviet mineralogist and geochemist, one of the founders of geochemistry,...

chemist philosopher

W

W. E. B. Du Bois

1868 – 1963 · Ghana

American sociologist and activist (1868–1963)

economist historian philosopher sociologist

W

Walter Benjamin

1892 – 1940 · German Reich

German cultural critic, philosopher and social critic (1892–1940)

philosopher sociologist

W

Wilhelm Eduard Weber

1804 – 1891 · Kingdom of Prussia

German physicist (1804–1891)

philosopher physicist

W

Wilhelm Ostwald

1853 – 1932 · Russian Empire

Baltic German chemist (1853–1932)

chemist philosopher physicist sociologist

W

Wilhelm Reich

1897 – 1957 · Austria–Hungary

Austrian-American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, sex educator and sociologist (1897–1957)

philosopher physician psychologist

W

Wilhelm Wundt

1832 – 1920 · Germany

German physician, physiologist, philosopher and professor (1832-1920)

philosopher psychologist

W

William James

1842 – 1910 · United States

American philosopher, psychologist, and pragmatist (1842–1910)

philosopher physician psychologist

Y

Yun Ch'iho

1865 – 1945 · Empire of Japan

Korean independence activist (1864-1945)

philosopher

É

Émile Durkheim

1858 – 1917 · France

French sociologist (1858–1917)

philosopher sociologist

A

A. J. Ayer

1910 – 1989 · United Kingdom

English philosopher

philosopher

A

Adrian IV

· Kingdom of England

Pope from 1154 to 1159

philosopher

A

Albert Camus

1913 – 1960 · France

French philosopher, author, and journalist (1913–1960)

philosopher

A

Alonzo Church

1903 – 1995 · United States

American mathematician and logician (1903–1995)

computer scientist mathematician philosopher

A

Amartya Sen

1933 · India

Indian economist and philosopher (1933-)

economist philosopher sociologist

A

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

1900 – 1944 · France

French writer and aviator (1900–1944)

philosopher

A

Anton LaVey

1930 – 1997 · United States

founder of the Church of Satan; author of the Satanic Bible (1930-1997)

philosopher

A

Arthur Koestler

1905 – 1983 · Austria–Hungary

Hungarian-British author and journalist (1905–1983)

philosopher

A

Ayn Rand

1905 – 1982 · statelessness

Russian-born American writer and public philosopher (1905–1982)

philosopher

B

B. F. Skinner

1904 – 1990 · United States

American behaviorist (1904–1990)

philosopher psychologist

B

Benedict Anderson

1936 – 2015 · Ireland

American political scientist (1936-2015)

historian philosopher

B

Benedict XVI

1927 – 2022 · Vatican City

265 th pope of the Catholic Church (2005–2013)

philosopher

C

Chinua Achebe

1930 – 2013 · Colonial Nigeria

Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic (1930-2013)

philosopher

D

Daniel Dennett

1942 – 2024 · United States

American philosopher (1942–2024)

philosopher

D

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

1906 – 1945 · Germany

German Lutheran pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident (1906–1945)

philosopher

D

Diogenes Laërtius

· Ancient Rome

3rd-century Roman biographer of Greek philosophers

historian philosopher

E

Edward Said

1935 – 2003 · Mandatory Palestine

Palestinian-American professor (1935–2003)

philosopher

E

Elias Canetti

1905 – 1994 · Bulgaria

Bulgarian-born Swiss and British Jewish modernist novelist, playwright, memoirist, and...

chemist philosopher psychologist

E

Elie Wiesel

1928 – 2016 · Kingdom of Hungary

Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and...

philosopher

E

Emil Cioran

1911 – 1995 · Kingdom of Romania

Romanian-French philosopher and essayist (1911–1995)

philosopher

E

Enheduanna

2300 – 2300 · Akkadian Empire

Akkadian princess; Sumerian high priestess of Nanna at Ur; poet and philosopher

philosopher

E

Erich Fromm

1900 – 1980 · German Empire

German sociologist and psychoanalyst (1900–1980)

economist philosopher psychologist sociologist

E

Ernst Mayr

1904 – 2005 · Germany

German-American evolutionary biologist (1904-2005)

biologist philosopher

F

Francis Fukuyama

1952 · United States

American political scientist, political economist, and author

economist historian philosopher

G

George Soros

1930 · United States

Hungarian-American investor and philanthropist (born 1930)

economist philosopher

G

Gilles Deleuze

1925 – 1995 · France

French philosopher (1925–1995)

historian philosopher

H

Halldór Laxness

1902 – 1998 · Iceland

Icelandic author (1902-1998)

linguist philosopher

H

Hannah Arendt

1906 – 1975 · statelessness

German-American political theorist and philosopher (1906–1975)

historian philosopher sociologist

H

Hans Morgenthau

1904 – 1980 · Germany

American political scientist (1904–1980)

philosopher

H

Hans-Georg Gadamer

1900 – 2002 · Germany

German philosopher (1900–2002)

philosopher

H

Herbert A. Hauptman

1917 – 2011 · United States

American mathematician (1917–2011)

chemist mathematician philosopher

I

Ilya Prigogine

1917 – 2003 · Russian Empire

Russian-Belgian physical chemist (1917–2003)

chemist philosopher physicist

I

Imre Lakatos

1922 – 1974 · United Kingdom

Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science (1922-1974)

mathematician philosopher physicist

I

Iris Murdoch

1919 – 1999 · United Kingdom

Irish-born British writer and philosopher (1919–1999)

philosopher

I

Isaiah Berlin

1909 – 1997 · Russian Empire

Russo-British-Latvian Jewish social and political theorist, philosopher and historian...

historian philosopher sociologist

I

Ismail al-Faruqi

1921 – 1986 · Mandatory Palestine

Palestinian-American Muslim philosopher and scholar (1921–1986)

philosopher

J

Jacques Derrida

1930 – 2004 · France

French philosopher (1930–2004)

philosopher

J

Jean Baudrillard

1929 – 2007 · France

French sociologist, philosopher and cultural theorist (1929–2007)

philosopher sociologist

J

Jean Dubuffet

1901 – 1985 · France

French artist (1901–1985)

philosopher

J

Jean-François Lyotard

1924 – 1998 · France

French philosopher (1924–1998)

linguist philosopher sociologist

J

Jean-Paul Sartre

1905 – 1980 · France

French existentialist philosopher (1905–1980)

philosopher

J

John Cage

1912 – 1992 · United States

American avant-garde composer (1912-1992)

philosopher

J

John Carew Eccles

1903 – 1997 · Australia

Australian neurophysiologist (1903–1997)

philosopher physician

J

Jostein Gaarder

1952 · Norway

Norwegian author (born 1952)

philosopher

J

Judith Butler

1956 · United States

American feminist gender studies philosopher (born 1956)

philosopher psychologist sociologist

J

Julia Kristeva

1941 · Bulgaria

Bulgarian philosopher, psychoanalyst & academic

linguist philosopher sociologist

J

Jürgen Habermas

1929 – 2026 · Germany

German sociologist and philosopher (1929–2026)

philosopher sociologist

K

Karl Popper

1902 – 1994 · Cisleithania

Austrian-British philosopher of science and social and política e falsificationism and...

mathematician philosopher sociologist

K

Konrad Lorenz

1903 – 1989 · Austria

Austrian zoologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973 (1903–1989)

philosopher physician psychologist

M

Marshall McLuhan

1911 – 1980 · Canada

Canadian educator, philosopher, and scholar (1911–1980)

philosopher sociologist

M

Marvin Minsky

1927 – 2016 · United States

American cognitive scientist (1927-2016)

computer scientist mathematician philosopher

M

Max Frisch

1911 – 1991 · Switzerland

Swiss playwrighter and novelist (1911–1991)

philosopher

M

Michel Foucault

1926 – 1984 · France

French philosopher (1926–1984)

philosopher

M

Mircea Eliade

1907 – 1986 · Socialist Republic of Romania

Romanian-American historian, writer, philosopher and professor at the University of...

historian philosopher

N

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o

1938 – 2025 · Kenya

Kenyan writer (1938–2025)

philosopher

N

Noam Chomsky

1928 · United States

American linguist and activist (born 1928)

computer scientist historian linguist philosopher psychologist

P

Patanjali

ancient Indian scholar(s) of grammar and linguistics, of yoga, of medical treatises

linguist mathematician philosopher

P

Philip K. Dick

1928 – 1982 · United States

American science fiction author (1928–1982)

philosopher

P

Pierre Bourdieu

1930 – 2002 · France

French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher (1930–2002)

philosopher sociologist

R

Raymond Aron

1905 – 1983 · France

French philosopher, sociologist, journalist, and political scientist (1905–1983)

economist philosopher sociologist

R

Robert Nozick

1938 – 2002 · United States

American political philosopher (1938–2002)

philosopher

R

Roger Penrose

1931 · United Kingdom

English mathematical physicist, recreational mathematician and philosopher

astronomer mathematician philosopher physicist

R

Roland Barthes

1915 – 1980 · France

French philosopher and essayist

philosopher sociologist

S

Sam Harris

1967 · United States

American author, philosopher and neuroscientist (born 1967)

philosopher

S

Simone Weil

1909 – 1943 · France

French philosopher, writer, and social activist (1909–1943)

philosopher

S

Simone de Beauvoir

1908 – 1986 · France

French philosopher, social theorist and activist (1908–1986)

philosopher

S

Stanisław Lem

1921 – 2006 · Poland

Polish science fiction author, philosopher and futurologist, studied medical doctor (1921–2006)

philosopher physician

S

Susan Sontag

1933 – 2004 · United States

American writer and filmmaker, professor, and activist (1933–2004)

historian philosopher

S

Sylvester II

Pope of the Catholic Church from 938 to 1003

astronomer mathematician philosopher

T

Ted Kaczynski

1942 – 2023 · United States

American domestic, mathematician and anarchist (1942–2023)

mathematician philosopher

T

Theodor W. Adorno

1903 – 1969 · German Empire

German philosopher, sociologist and theorist (1903–1969)

philosopher sociologist

T

Thomas Kuhn

1922 – 1996 · United States

American historian, physicist and philosopher (1922 – 1996)

philosopher physicist

U

Umberto Eco

1932 – 2016 · Kingdom of Italy

Italian semiotician, essayist, philosopher, literary critic, and novelist (1932–2016)

historian philosopher

W

Waleed Al-Husseini

1989 · Palestine

Palestinian essayist and writer

philosopher

W

Willard Van Orman Quine

1908 – 2000 · United States

American philosopher and logician (1900–2000)

linguist mathematician philosopher

W

Wole Soyinka

1934 · Nigeria

Nigerian writer (born 1934)

philosopher

Y

Yuval Noah Harari

1976 · Israel

Israeli historian and author of popular science bestsellers

historian philosopher

Z

Zygmunt Bauman

1925 – 2017 · United Kingdom

Polish philosopher and sociologist (1925-2017)

historian philosopher sociologist